Postgraduate
M.Med.Sc (Pathology)
Duration of the course - 3 years
Learning all 4 disciplines of pathology (Histopathology, Hematology, Chemical Pathology and Microbiology)
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Teaching histopathology will cover General Pathology, Systemic Pathology and Histopathological techniques.
FIRST YEAR
1. Post mortem
2. General Pathology
Lectures/Discussions/Symposiums
3. Systemic pathology:
Emphasis will be made on common diseases and tumors prevalent in Myanmar.
4. Basic Histological Techniques
SECOND YEAR:
Students will be posted for 3 months in the Histopathology Section of Department of Pathology, Yangon General Hospital. They will take part in routine autopsies, surgical pathology specimen cutting and reporting. Visits to the ward will be made to see patients in solving problem cases and for clinical feature correlations. They will also be exposed to the practical aspects of running a histopathology laboratory.
They will also attend the clinical meetings conferences, symposiums in the hospital to gain knowledge not only in pathology but all related clinical subjects.
THIRD YEAR:
Students will be posted for 3 months in the Histopathology Section of Department of Pathology, Yangon General Hospital, New Yangon General Hospital Hospital, Central women Hospital, Yangon Specialty Hospital (500 bedded) and Yangon Children Hospital. Students will be posted for National Health Laboratory and Department of Medical Research for advanced laboratory technique. They will take part in routine autopsies, surgical pathology specimen cutting and reporting. Visits to the ward will be made to see patients in solving problem cases and for clinical feature correlations. They will also be exposed to the practical aspects of running a histopathology laboratory.
Log Book with minimum check list must be recorded
Checklist for log Book
Histopathology slides (minimum five slides per each case)
A. Breast
1. Fibroadenosis/fibrocystic diseases
2. Proliferative breast diseases
3. Fibroadenoma
4. Phylloides tumor
5. Carcinoma of breast (Invasive ductal CA – NST and special types, Invasive lobular CA)
B. Endocrine
1. Multinodular goiter
2. Thyroiditis
3. Follicular adenoma
4. Carcinoma
C. Respiratory
1. Tuberculosis
2. Bronchogenic carcinoma
D. CVS
1. Myocardial infarction
2. Atherosclerosis
E. Female genital system
1. Carcinoma cervix
2. Endometrial hyperplasia
3. Carcinoma endometrium
4. Leiomyoma
5. Non-neoplastic cysts of ovary
6. Ovarian tumors (serous, mucinous, teratoma)
7. Gestational related diseases (RPOC, H.mole, choriocarcinoma)
F. Hepatobiliary system
1. COL
2. HCC
3. Chronic cholecystitis
4. Metastatic CA
G. Gastrointestinal tract
1. Appendicitis
2. Carcinoma oropharynx
3. Carcinoma oesophagus
4. Chronic gastritis
5. Carcinoma stomach
6. Carcinoma colon
7. GIST
8. TB intestine
H. CNS
1. Meningioma
2. Pyogenic/TB meningitis
3. Glioma
I. Bone and joint
1. Pyogenic/TB osteomyelitis
2. Osteosarcoma
3. Chondrosarcoma
4. GCT
5. Gout
J. Skin
1. Psoriasis
2. Pemphigus
3. Nevus
4. BCC
5. SCC
6. Melanoma
7. Seborrheic keratosis
8. Keratoacanthoma
9. Haemangioma
10. Sebaceous cyst/Epidermal cyst
K. Lymphoreticular system
1. Chronic non-specific lymphadenitis, Reactive follicular hyperplasia, Reactive sinus histiocytosis
2. TB lymphadenitis
3. Nodal/extranodal lymphoma
4. Metastatic lymphadenopathy
L. Eye
1. Retinoblastoma
2. Melanoma
M. KUB
1. Chronic pyelonephritis
2. RCC
3. Carcinoma urinary bladder
N. Male genital system
1. BPH
2. Carcinoma prostate
3. Testicular tumors
4. TB orchitis
O. Paediatric tumor
1. Blastomas
P. Soft tissue
1. Fibroma
2. Lipoma
3. Nerve sheath tumor
4. Sarcoma
Q. Cytology (gynae and non-gynae)
HEMATOLOGY
FIRST YEAR
Theory, Discussions, Demonstrations, and Practical Total
Coagulation time
Flow cytometry
Antisera production and its quality control
Recognition of haemoparasites
SECOND YEAR
Students will be posted at Haematology section, Department of Pathology, for 3 months. They will take part in routine blood films reporting. Visits to the medical, surgical wards and haematology ward will be made to see patients in solving problems cases and to study the management of haematological diseases. They will be also exposed to bone marrow biopsy procedures and reporting of the bone marrow aspirates and trephine tissue sections. They will also attend the clinical meetings, conferences, symposiums in the hospital to gain knowledge of not only pathology but all related clinical subjects.
THIRD YEAR
Students will be posted at Haematology section, Department of Pathology, Yangon General Hospital for special tests, National Blood Banks for studying the banking system as well as Clinical Hematology Word, Yangon General Hospital and Yangon Children Hospital for studying clinical case for 3 months.
Log Book with minimum check list must be recorded
Checklist for log Book
haematology slides (minimum five slides per each case)
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
FIRST YEAR
The course is of one academic year and the topic included and teaching hours are as follows:
Lectures, Discussions, Practical and Clinical Chemistry Workout
Recall of normal carbohydrate metabolism
Diseases due to derangements in carbohydrate metabolism
Chemical investigations in these disorders –
Practical on determination of blood glucose
Oral glucose tolerance test –
Recall of normal lipid metabolism
Hyperlipidaemias
Investigations of lipid abnormalities –
Practical on determination of serum cholesterol–
Recall of normal protein metabolism
Abnormalities of protein metabolism
Immunoglobulins and their diseases
Method of investigations in these disorders –
Practical on determination of total and differential proteins
Problems solving and journal reading of metabolic disorders
Investigations of malabsorption –
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, tumours
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis –
Practical on liver function tests –
Problem solving and journal reading of digestive and hepatobiliary system
Enzyme kinetics
Clinical enzymolgy and biochemical monitoring
Practical on investigations of enzymes
Problem solving and journal reading of enzymology
Investigations
Purine and urate metabolism disorders
Practical on investigations of uric acid
Recall of normal renal function
Glomerular, tubular and interstitial diseases
Renal failure
Dialysis
Practical on renal function tests
Problem solving and Journal reading
Disorders of fluid and electrolytes 18 Hours
Disorders of sodium and water metabolism
Disorders of potassium metabolism
Disorders of hydrogen ion metabolism
Practical on investigations of electrolytes
Problem solving and journal reading on disorders of renal system and disorders of fluid and electrolytes
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, gonads
Practical on endocrine function tests
Quality assurance
Quality control
Accuracy, precision, reliability, standard (calibrator), control, confidence limit, standard deviation (SD), Levy-Jennings chart
SECOND YEAR
Students will be posted for 3 months in chemical pathology section, Yangon General Hospital. They will take part in performing routine and special laboratory investigations. Case follow-up and consultation will be made. Discussion, assignments/ tutorials and journal reading will also be made during the posting period.
THIRD YEAR
Students will be posted in National Health Laboratory, Yangon for quality control in chemical pathology. Students will be posted to Intensive care unit (ICU), Medical units, Yangon General Hospital, as well as Department of nuclear medicine, Yangon General Hospital. They will also attend the clinical meeting, conferences and symposiums in the hospital to gain knowledge not only in pathology but also in related clinical subjects.
Protocol preparation, research work and writing Dissertation
Teaching/ Learning methods/ Aids
Teaching/ Learning Methods
Teaching/ Learning Aids
LCD
OHP
Microscopy – binocular model for self learning
Five headed model for demonstration & discussion
Specimens – real pots
Doctor of Medical Science (Chemical Pathology)
Dr.Med.Sc (Chemical Pathology)
Duration of the course - 3 years
Structured programme
|
Time frame |
Programme |
|
|
First year 1-3 months |
1. Exposure to common module Medical auditory and ethics Health care 2.Study history of respective discipline (Basic knowledge in Laboratory Pathology) 3. Searching the literature review for intended research plan 4. Keep log book of activities. |
|
|
4-6 months |
Research 1.Continuing searching for literature review
2. Conduct journal reading and presentation once a month in the department.
3. Discuss topic selection for intended research with Professor and Head, and respective senior |
Training programme for chemical pathology laboratory The basic chemical techniques includes - specimen collection - colorimetry - spectrophotometry - flame photometry - atomic absorption spectrophotometry - turbidimetry and nephlometry - ion- selective electrodes - isoelectric focusing - chromatography - high performance liquid chromatography - electrophoresis - automation - ELISA and Immunochemistry - point of care Technology
The Assays include - Glucose - Lipid profile - Protein - Urea and creatinine - Bilirubin - Uric acid - Calcium - Urine Analysis
The essential topic also includes -Quality control |
|
7-9 months |
1.Write protocol
2. Perform pilot study of method
3. Submit protocol at the end of 6-9 months. |
|
|
10-12 months |
1.Attain protocol guided by the responsible supervisor, approval of protocol by Board of Study & Ethical Committee
2. Complete protocol within one year
3. Preparation for research work. |
|
|
Second year |
Research 1. Start research work. 2. Keep log book of activities 3. Report regularly on progress of research work 3 monthly through supervisor to chairman of the board. 4. Presentation of 4 to 6 scientific talks through supervisor 5. Make several presentations of research findings to head and staffs of Pathology Department every 3 to 6 months under guidance of supervisor. 6. Attend 4 to 6 seminars and conferences of related topics 7. Participate in undergraduate & postgraduate teaching activities. 8. Short term study tour and oversea training if possible
9. Publish certain aspect of research work in local / international journals (at least one article) with the guidance of supervisor |
Training programme Essential Topics include
Physiology and pathophysiology of
- Carbohydrate metabolism - Lipid metabolism - Protein metabolism - Liver and biliary tract - Enzymes - Endocrine -Thyroid - Adrenal - Reproduction - Hypertension - ANA profile - Gastrointestinal tract - Iron and porphyrins - Uric acid
The advanced chemical techniques include - PCR - Real time PCR - Sequencing
Short-term training programme in foreign countries if available |
|
Third year |
Research 1. Continue research work 2. Keep log book of activities 3. Report regularly on progress of research work 3 monthly through supervisor 4. Presentation of 2 to 3 scientific talks through supervisor 5. Make several presentations of research findings to staff of department every 3 or 6 months through supervisor 6. Attend 2 to 3 seminars and conferences of related topics 7. Analyze data and write a thesis 8. Submit thesis three months ahead of completion of the course & defend. |
Training programme Essential Topics include
- Water and electrolytes - Acid-base homeostasis - Calcium metabolism - Renal system - ICU care - Biochemical effect of tumor - Inborn error of metabolism - Paediatric chemical pathology - Geriatric chemical pathology - Pregnancy, prenatal diagnosis and infertility - Therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology - Transplantation
The advanced chemical techniques include Interpretation of PCR - Real time PCR - Sequencing
|
A candidate who is working for the doctorate degree will have to submit a protocol of in-depth study (thesis level) on a Histopathology subject to Research and Ethics Committee of University of Medicine (1) before the last third months of the first year. If approved he/she should submit the thesis not later than three months before the end of the third year. The candidate has to defend the thesis during the last two weeks of third year. If the candidate cannot successfully defend his/her thesis another chance will be given in the ensuing year. If, at the end of fourth year, the thesis is not yet successfully defended, his/her attempt for the doctorate degree will be declared null and void.
Dr.Med.Sc (Haematopathology)
Duration of the course - 3 years
Structured programme
|
Time frame |
Programme |
|
|
First year 1-3 months |
1. Exposure to common module Medical auditory and ethics Health care 2.Study history of respective discipline (Basic knowledge in Hematopathology) 3. Literature review of selection of research topic |
|
|
4-6 months |
Research 1.Continued Literature review
2. Conduct journal reading and presentation once a month in the department.
3. Discuss topic selection with Professor and Head. |
Training programme 1.Red cell disorders (1)Basic knowledge and skill of red cell disorder - Erythropoiesis and disorder of stem cell proliferation - Classification of anaemia, IDA, MegaloblasticAnaemia, Aplastic Anaemia, SideroblasticAnaemia, Symptomatic Anaemia, BM failure, Genetic disorder of haemoglobin and Haemolytic A - Basic haematological Techniques & Special Tests. - Investigation of IDA, Megaloblastic Anaemia,and haemolyticanaemia -Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsies. (2)Basic skill –posting at Haematopathology section, Clinical Pathology Laboratory, YGH (3) Writing appropriate report for complete blood picture, - bone marrow examination, -special cytochemical staining. 2. Automated techniques and advanced Haematology techniques (Immunohematology, Molecular diagnosis, PCR) 3. Laboratory Organization and management 4. Quality assurance in haematology |
|
7-9 months |
1.Write protocol
2. Perform pilot study of method
3. Submit protocol at the end of 6-9 months. |
|
|
10-12 months |
1.Attain protocol guided by the supervisor, approval of protocol by Board of Study & Ethical Committee
2. Complete protocol within one year
3. Preparation for research work. |
|
|
Second year |
Research
1.Start research work. 2. Report regularly on progress of research work 3 monthly through supervisor to chairman of the board. 3. Presentation of 4 to 6 scientific talks through supervisor 4. Make several presentations of research findings to staff of department every 3 to 6 months through supervisor. 5. Attend 4 to 6 seminars and conferences of related topics 6. Participate in undergraduate & postgraduate teaching activities. 7. Short term study tour in foreign countries if possible 8. Publish certain aspect of research work in local/international journals (at least one article) with the guidance of supervisor |
Training programme
1.Basic knowledge of WBC disorder - Leucopoiesis and abnormal white cell value -Molecular basis of Leukemia and lymphoma -Acute Leukemia -Chronic Leukemia -Myeloproliferative disorder -Myelodysplastic syndrome -Lymphoma -Plasma cell dyscrasia -Diagnosis of WBC disorder (BM Trephine biopsy, cytochemistry,immunological technique, Flow cytometry, Molecular technique) 2.Management and follow up of patients with haematological disorder 3. Blood transfusion serology -Blood group serology -Hazard of blood transfusion 4. Management of Blood Bank 5. Short-term training programme in foreign countries if available |
|
Third year |
Research
1. Continue research work 2. Keep log book of activities 3. Report regularly on progress of research work 3 monthly through supervisor 4. Presentation of 2 to 3 scientific talks through supervisor 5. Make several presentations of research findings to staff of department every 3 or 6 months through supervisor 6. Attend 2 to 3 seminars and conferences of related topics 7. Analyze data and write a thesis 8. Submit thesis three months ahead of completion of the course & defend. |
Training programme 1.Hemorrhagic disorder -Normal haemostasis, -Inherited platelet disorder, - ITP -Inherited and acquired coagulation disorder - Investigation of haemorrhagic disorder 2. Routine haematological reporting of blood film and bone marrow examination 3.Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy 4.Case follow up and discussion 5. Topic discussion 6.Journal reading 7.Paediatric haematology 8.Blood transfusion services at YGH and NBC |
A candidate who is working for the doctorate degree will have to submit a protocol of in-depth study (thesis level) on a Histopathology subject to Research and Ethics Committee of University of Medicine (1) before the last third months of the first year. If approved he/she should submit the thesis not later than three months before the end of the third year. The candidate has to defend the thesis during the last two weeks of third year. If the candidate cannot successfully defend his/her thesis another chance will be given in the ensuing year. If, at the end of fourth year, the thesis is not yet successfully defended, his/her attempt for the doctorate degree will be declared null and void.
Dr.Med.Sc (Histopathology)
Duration of the course - 3 years
Structured programme
|
Time frame |
Programme |
|
|
First year 1-3 months |
1. Exposure to common module Medical auditory and ethics Health care 2.Study history of respective discipline (Basic knowledge in General and Systemic Pathology) 3. Literature review of selection of research topic |
|
|
4-6 months |
Research 1.Continued Literature review
2. Conduct journal reading and presentation once a month in the department.
3. Discuss topic selection with Professor and Head. |
Training programme 1.Surgical pathology (1)Basic knowledge and skill of surgical pathology within the following six categories - Epidemiology - Aetiology - Pathogenesis - Clinical features - Pathological features - Natural history
(2)Basic skill (General) in handling of surgical specimens (macroscopic and microscopic) ( Appendix A )
(3) independent cut-up and writing appropriate report for histopathology and cytopathology specimens
2. Basic Autopsy ( Appendix B)
3. Geneneral cytopathology ( Appendix C )
|
|
7-9 months |
1.Write protocol
2. Perform pilot study of method
3. Submit protocol at the end of 6-9 months. |
|
|
10-12 months |
1.Attain protocol guided by the supervisor, approval of protocol by Board of Study & Ethical Committee
2. Complete protocol within one year
3. Preparation for research work. |
|
|
Second year |
Research
1.Start research work. 2. Report regularly on progress of research work 3 monthly through supervisor to chairman of the board. 3. Presentation of 4 to 6 scientific talks through supervisor 4. Make several presentations of research findings to staff of department every 3 to 6 months through supervisor. 5. Attend 4 to 6 seminars and conferences of related topics 6. Participate in undergraduate & postgraduate teaching activities. 7. Short term study tour in foreign countries if possible 8. Publish certain aspect of research work in local/international journals (at least one article) with the guidance of supervisor |
Training programme
1.Surgical pathology
- Breast - Gastrointestinal tract - Respiratory system - Skin - Lymphoreticular system - ENT, Head and neck - Female genital system - Liver and gall bladder
2. Autopsy pathology
3. Cytopathology - Cervical cytopathology
4. Short-term training programme in foreign countries if available |
|
Third year |
Research
1. Continue research work 2. Keep log book of activities 3. Report regularly on progress of research work 3 monthly through supervisor 4. Presentation of 2 to 3 scientific talks through supervisor 5. Make several presentations of research findings to staff of department every 3 or 6 months through supervisor 6. Attend 2 to 3 seminars and conferences of related topics 7. Analyze data and write a thesis 8. Submit thesis three months ahead of completion of the course & defend. |
Training programme
1.Surgical pathology
- Cardiovascular system - Male genital system - Endocrine pathology - Soft tissue - Neuropathology - Renal and urological pathology - Osteoarticular pathology - Pediatric pathology
2. Autopsy pathology
3. Cytopathology - Non-cervical cytopathology
4. Molecular pathology |
A candidate who is working for the doctorate degree will have to submit a protocol of in-depth study (thesis level) on a Histopathology subject to Research and Ethics Committee of University of Medicine (1) before the last third months of the first year. If approved he/she should submit the thesis not later than three months before the end of the third year. The candidate has to defend the thesis during the last two weeks of third year. If the candidate cannot successfully defend his/her thesis another chance will be given in the ensuing year. If, at the end of fourth year, the thesis is not yet successfully defended, his/her attempt for the doctorate degree will be declared null and void.
